V Double trouble

[odykas]

So , "California emissions" , on that car , a 1984 Toy Corolla , meant that fresh air was piped into the exhaust system to drop the ppm counts in the exhaust , by design .

I guess that Toyota solution was visible to the people who certified the car back in 1984.
On the other hand VW cars were using software to rig emissions tests so they clearly cheated.